por Gabriela Calderón de Burgos
Guayaquil, Ecuador— “Irlanda sale con fuerza de la recesión”1 decían varios titulares en la prensa internacional la semana pasada. No obstante, aproximadamente hace un año el FMI declaró que Irlanda se enfrentaba a una recesión que “supera aquella enfrentada actualmente por cualquier otra economía desarrollada y es igual a los episodios de la más severa adversidad económica en la historia después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial”2. En 2008 el déficit en el presupuesto de Irlanda era igual al de Grecia y la economía irlandesa se contrajo en 9% en 2009.
Mientras que muchos gobiernos alrededor del mundo aumentaron el gasto público para estimular sus economías, Alan Reynolds del Cato Institute describió recientemente lo que ha hecho Irlanda: redujo los salarios públicos el año pasado entre un 5 y 15% y no implementó aumentos de impuestos perjudiciales. Además, redujo el gasto público en más de un 6%3.
No es la primera vez que Irlanda realiza estos ajustes. En los ochenta este país redujo el gasto público en un 6,9% entre 1987-1989. Esas reducciones en el gasto público hicieron posible una disminución de impuestos. Irlanda que estaba creciendo a un promedio de 0,2% a principios de los ochenta llegó a crecer un promedio de 7,2% entre 1989 y 2001. Como la tasa de crecimiento permitía que el PIB se duplique cada década, la deuda llegó a constituir 25% del PIB cuando antes de las reformas mencionadas Irlanda estaba endeudada por una cantidad equivalente a 125% de su PIB (donde se encuentra Grecia hoy)4.
En cuanto a Grecia, Steve Hanke de Johns Hopkins University, dice que puede ser uno de esos casos en que “los doctores matan al paciente”. El gobierno del Sr. Papandreou ya ha consultado a Joseph Stiglitz, el FMI y a los burócratas de la Unión Europea. El resultado de estas consultas ha sido que el gobierno ha aumentado ya dos veces el IVA y el costo de emplear a alguien sigue siendo alto: el empleador tiene que contribuir 28% del salario de un trabajador al fisco y además el trabajador tiene que aportar directamente un 16% adicional. Hanke asevera que si Grecia redujera los costos laborales eliminando la contribución del empleador, generaría un aumento en su competitividad equivalente al que obtendría si pudiera devaluar su moneda en un 44% (medida que tiene el desagradable efecto secundario llamado inflación).5
Krugman y el FMI han criticado las medidas de ajuste adoptadas por el gobierno irlandés. Krugman, por ejemplo, señala que Irlanda todavía sigue pagando un interés mucho más alto que Alemania cuando presta en mercados internacionales a pesar de su drástico ajuste fiscal.6 Lo que el Nóbel olvida mencionar es que las cosas podrían ser peores: compare lo que está pagando Grecia (10,3%) con lo que paga Irlanda (5,38%)7.
Los ajustes son inevitables. Solo un gobierno irresponsable deja seguir aumentando el déficit y el endeudamiento del país hasta niveles griegos, sentando las bases para un ajuste cada vez más severo en el futuro. Cuando llegue el momento en que los ajustes sean inevitables, no olvidemos quiénes abultaron el déficit y el endeudamiento durante años ni mucho menos lo que hizo Irlanda para recuperarse rápidamente.
Este artículo fue publicado originalmente en El Universo (Ecuador) el 5 de julio de 2010.
Referencia:
1. “Ireland powers out of recession”. AFP. 1 de Julio de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gKT-Uf3-pUHCJOY2UYuo2xSwmugw ; Financial Times: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9e079c4c-8439-11df-b9f8-00144feabdc0.html; Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/30/AR2010063004028.html.
2. “Ireland ‘faces worst recession’”. BBC News Europe. 25 de junio de 2009. Disponible en: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118176.stm
3. Reynolds, Alan. “Irish Approach versus Grecian Formula”. Cato Institute. 9 de junio de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11881
4. Reynolds.
5. Hanke, Steve H. “A Big Bang for Greece”. Wall Street Journal (Europe). 30 de junio de 2010. Disponible en: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704103904575336822758493764.html.
6. Murray Brown, John. “Ireland emerges from recession after steep economic drop”. Washington Post. 30 de junio de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/30/AR2010063004028.html.
7. “Portugal Leads Euro-Area Bond Gains as Debt Concern Subsides”. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2 de Julio de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-02/portugal-leads-euro-area-bond-gains-as-debt-concern-subsides.html.
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